The complexity of modern engineering projects, driven by the integration of multiple disciplines and the demand for higher system reliability, necessitates advanced methodologies beyond traditional document-based systems engineering. Model-Based Systems engineering (MBSE) has emerged as a crucial methodology, leveraging domain models to manage the intricacies of complex engineering systems. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of MBSE, tracing its historical development, key concepts, and theoretical frameworks. It contrasts MBSE with traditional systems engineering, highlighting its superiority in managing complexity through enhanced traceability, validation, and early detection of design flaws. The application of MBSE across industries such as aerospace, automotive, and defense is examined, with a focus on case studies demonstrating its success and the challenges encountered. Emerging trends, including the integration of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and digital twins, are explored, revealing the potential for these technologies to further enhance MBSE practices. Despite its strengths, MBSE faces challenges related to scalability, integration with other engineering disciplines, and the need for more robust validation methods. The review concludes with recommendations for practitioners and researchers, emphasizing the importance of continued innovation and education in MBSE to address these challenges and ensure its relevance in future complex engineering projects.

Background: What is more and more attended in civil projects is weak engineering ethics in the professional interactions. It is due to the inattention to ethical challenges in engineering societies. The present study aims to investigate the ethical challenges in civil workshops.Method: This study is a descriptive survey. Population of study consisted of all engineers that working in two major construction projects. By using simple random sampling method, 100 subjects were selected. Data were collected by research made questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics.Results: The results show that 44% of the subjects believe that moral discourse is not in civil workshops and 87% believe that the relationship and influence are factors in hiring.79% of respondents are not aware of the provisions of the Code of Ethics of engineering and 78% of them believe that the cause of this problem is inadequate education. Finally, 53% believe immorality in workshops related to the immorality in society.Conclusion: According to the results, it can be said that low levels of awareness of engineering Code of ethics stems from inadequate education at university level. Ethical challenges in the workplace lead to lower job satisfaction and bad experiences for jobseekers. It can adhere to ethical principles of social influence.

Clinical trials are research projects that are performed on human subjects to determine the efficiency of certain medical or behavioral interventions or therapy. This review will focus on a few of the most critical differences between straightforward projects and those that include a higher level of complexity. A complicated endeavor can have a variety of connotations for various individuals. One further measure that may be utilized to quantify the level of complexity that the task entails is the number of individual interactions that are necessary to complete it. The greater the number of functional units that interact with one another, the more complicated the integration will be. When functional units are dispersed around the globe and when differences in cultural norms make it difficult for them to interact with one another, things can become complicated very quickly. When the scope, cost, and length of the project are all larger, it is more likely that changes in the scope will influence the budget and the timeline. Cost and time overruns are more likely to occur in clinical projects that are larger and more complicated. The co-clinical projects decrease the disparity available between pre-clinical investigations and clinical trials. Emerging data such as artificial intelligence from closed sub-protocols have the potential impact on the conduct of ongoing studies in the case of biomedicine and nanomedicine. Furthermore, in this review, we have discussed current nanomedicine in the clinical stages.

New product development process include several activities and decisions. It starts with idea stage and ends when product enters market stage. Concurrent engineering is a product development approach that helps improving the performance of companies by reducing costs, increasing quality, creating new knowledge, and having a shorter product development time. In this research, the evolution of concurrent engineering in space projects and issues related to the implementation of concurrent engineering in design facilities were examined. For this reason, European Space Agency's Concurrent Design Facility and NASA Integrated Mission Design Center have been studied. The implementation of concurrent engineering in Instituto Superior Té cnico's Concurrent Design Facility has also been studied.

There is increasing demand for sophisticated software engineering processes in today's software systems. In this regard, however, there is a multitude of different processes and each has various advantages and disadvantages some of which relate to the problem domain or in the context of development. Computer software development processes have to pass through many scenarios to be completed. There are many ways to solve a single problem in software development. Sometimes, in structural engineering, the developer is not able to decide which process will suit a particular problem. It can be said that selecting a suitable process is a big issue in structural process software engineering, and the problem of selecting a good candidate method is a big issue in structural process engineering. The solution of such kinds of problem can be found in the work to be done and the task to be performed by the operational process rather than by the process structure. This paper introduces the notion of process operationality and proposes ' process architecture' to represent this operationality. Thus, Structural Process engineering (SPE) becomes Operational Process engineering (OPE). Operationally close process architecture is selected, adapted, enhanced, and restricted as needed. The task of construction consists of putting together process features and structuring the new process.

Introduction: Carney complex is an autosomal dominant syndrome that is defined with different tumors including myxoma in different organs, endocrine tumors and lentiginosis lesions. This is the first case report of this syndrome from Iran.Case: The patient is a 27 year old girl, referred with flank pain. Physical examination revealed hirsutism, truncal obesity, hyperpigmantasion and hypertension; Cushing's syndrome was suggested and confirmed with related classic biochemical tests. She had history of cardiac myxoma during her childhood and had been operated twice.Pituitary microadenoma and right adrenal adenoma were reported on MRI and CT-scan, respectively. Initially laparascopic right adrenalectomy was done; as expected, no remission in signs of Cushing's syndrome was observed after surgery. By laparoscopic adrenalectomy of the other site, Cushing's syndrome resolved. Pathologic report of 1st operation was adrenal adenoma with surrounding pigmented micronodular hyperplasia and of the 2nd one was just pigmented micronodular hyperplasia.Conclusion: We have reported a patient with Carney syndrome along with Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and an adenoma in contralateral adrenal and microadenoma of the pituitary as an incidentaloma. This is a new presentation of Carney syndrome.

This research presents a new and effective approach to managing change control in the design process of complex engineering products. This approach involves using design constraints to combine two DSM matrix structures and a systematic process for controlling changes. The system process involves using a systemic code to evaluate changes, how to create a transfer model, and a management change assessment request. The process presented in this article, in addition to using similar activities in this field, has provided a systematic approach to using the knowledge of designers of a project to guide the control of changes to major engineering projects, including decision-making on controlling changes and how to identify the best The path to the change control process

Compared to the preliminary forecasted values, the fluctuation in the final cost and time of civil engineering projects is an issue exists in all of the countries in the world. These fluctuations will possibly result in many claims; therefore, they should be controlled. Forecasting is an important tool for controlling the fluctuations in the cost and time of a project. One of the standard methods for forecasting the time and cost of a project is the earned value analysis; also, modeling with the help of artificial neural networks is another standard forecasting method which is currently popular. In this paper, a model is created by considering several variables from the basic variables and the performance indices of the EVA as input variables without using any type of coding and only using the nftool in Matrix Laboratory software. Without any affiliation on the type of project, this model is capable of forecasting the cost of projects whose cost is higher than the budget (most of the civil engineering projects executed in Iran); the model does so with a higher accuracy compared to the cost forecast relations in the EVA. It should be noted that two water transmission channel projects and two dam projects (executed in Iran) were used to experiment this model. The findings of this experiment showed that the model is highly accurate.